diff --git a/src/function/builtin/cons/APPEND.java b/src/function/builtin/cons/APPEND.java
index fd4c5a1..3ffd146 100644
--- a/src/function/builtin/cons/APPEND.java
+++ b/src/function/builtin/cons/APPEND.java
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package function.builtin.cons;
 
 import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
+import static table.FunctionTable.lookupFunction;
 
 import function.ArgumentValidator;
 import function.FunctionNames;
@@ -11,20 +12,47 @@ import sexpression.Cons;
 public class APPEND extends LispFunction {
 
     public static Cons append(Cons firstList, Cons secondList) {
-        Cons appendedLists = copy(firstList);
+        return lookupAppend().appendLists(firstList, secondList);
+    }
+
+    private static APPEND lookupAppend() {
+        return (APPEND) lookupFunction("APPEND");
+    }
+
+    private ArgumentValidator argumentValidator;
+    private ArgumentValidator firstListValidator;
+
+    public APPEND(String name) {
+        this.argumentValidator = new ArgumentValidator(name);
+        this.argumentValidator.setExactNumberOfArguments(2);
+        this.argumentValidator.setEveryArgumentExpectedType(Cons.class);
+        this.firstListValidator = new ArgumentValidator(name + "|first-list|");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Cons call(Cons argumentList) {
+        argumentValidator.validate(argumentList);
+
+        Cons rest = (Cons) argumentList.getRest();
+        Cons firstList = (Cons) argumentList.getFirst();
+        Cons secondList = (Cons) rest.getFirst();
+
+        return appendLists(firstList, secondList);
+    }
+
+    private Cons appendLists(Cons firstList, Cons secondList) {
+        firstListValidator.validate(firstList);
 
         if (firstList.isNull())
-            return copy(secondList);
+            return secondList;
 
-        getLastItem(appendedLists).setRest(copy(secondList));
+        Cons appendedLists = copy(firstList);
+        getLastItem(appendedLists).setRest(secondList);
 
         return appendedLists;
     }
 
-    private static Cons copy(Cons list) {
-        if (list.isNull())
-            return NIL;
-
+    private Cons copy(Cons list) {
         Cons newList = new Cons(list.getFirst(), NIL);
         Cons builder = newList;
 
@@ -36,7 +64,7 @@ public class APPEND extends LispFunction {
         return newList;
     }
 
-    private static Cons getLastItem(Cons list) {
+    private Cons getLastItem(Cons list) {
         Cons tail = list;
 
         while (tail.getRest().isCons())
@@ -44,33 +72,4 @@ public class APPEND extends LispFunction {
 
         return tail;
     }
-
-    private ArgumentValidator argumentValidator;
-    private String name;
-
-    public APPEND(String name) {
-        this.name = name;
-        this.argumentValidator = new ArgumentValidator(name);
-        this.argumentValidator.setExactNumberOfArguments(2);
-        this.argumentValidator.setEveryArgumentExpectedType(Cons.class);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public Cons call(Cons argumentList) {
-        argumentValidator.validate(argumentList);
-
-        Cons rest = (Cons) argumentList.getRest();
-        Cons firstList = (Cons) argumentList.getFirst();
-        Cons secondList = (Cons) rest.getFirst();
-        validateLists(firstList, secondList);
-
-        return append(firstList, secondList);
-    }
-
-    private void validateLists(Cons firstList, Cons secondList) {
-        ArgumentValidator properListValidatorOne = new ArgumentValidator(name + "|list-one|");
-        ArgumentValidator properListValidatorTwo = new ArgumentValidator(name + "|list-two|");
-        properListValidatorOne.validate(firstList);
-        properListValidatorTwo.validate(secondList);
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/function/builtin/cons/LENGTH.java b/src/function/builtin/cons/LENGTH.java
index 57260f4..2acade0 100644
--- a/src/function/builtin/cons/LENGTH.java
+++ b/src/function/builtin/cons/LENGTH.java
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package function.builtin.cons;
 import static function.builtin.cons.LIST.makeList;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.done;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.tailCall;
+import static table.FunctionTable.lookupFunction;
 
 import java.math.BigInteger;
 
@@ -17,25 +18,13 @@ import sexpression.LispNumber;
 public class LENGTH extends LispFunction {
 
     public static BigInteger getLength(Cons list) {
-        return callWithoutArgumentValidation(makeList(list)).getValue();
+        LispNumber length = lookupLength().callWithoutArgumentValidation(makeList(list));
+
+        return length.getValue();
     }
 
-    private static LispNumber callWithoutArgumentValidation(Cons argumentList) {
-        return callTailRecursive(BigInteger.ZERO, argumentList).invoke();
-    }
-
-    private static TailCall<LispNumber> callTailRecursive(BigInteger accumulatedLength, Cons argumentList) {
-        Cons list = (Cons) argumentList.getFirst();
-        Cons restOfList = makeList(list.getRest());
-
-        if (list.isNull())
-            return done(new LispNumber(accumulatedLength));
-
-        return tailCall(() -> callTailRecursive(increment(accumulatedLength), restOfList));
-    }
-
-    private static BigInteger increment(BigInteger number) {
-        return number.add(BigInteger.ONE);
+    private static LENGTH lookupLength() {
+        return (LENGTH) lookupFunction("LENGTH");
     }
 
     private ArgumentValidator argumentValidator;
@@ -53,4 +42,22 @@ public class LENGTH extends LispFunction {
         return callTailRecursive(BigInteger.ZERO, argumentList).invoke();
     }
 
+    private LispNumber callWithoutArgumentValidation(Cons argumentList) {
+        return callTailRecursive(BigInteger.ZERO, argumentList).invoke();
+    }
+
+    private TailCall<LispNumber> callTailRecursive(BigInteger accumulatedLength, Cons argumentList) {
+        Cons list = (Cons) argumentList.getFirst();
+        Cons restOfList = makeList(list.getRest());
+
+        if (list.isNull())
+            return done(new LispNumber(accumulatedLength));
+
+        return tailCall(() -> callTailRecursive(increment(accumulatedLength), restOfList));
+    }
+
+    private BigInteger increment(BigInteger number) {
+        return number.add(BigInteger.ONE);
+    }
+
 }
diff --git a/src/table/SymbolTable.java b/src/table/SymbolTable.java
index 9afc329..0088983 100644
--- a/src/table/SymbolTable.java
+++ b/src/table/SymbolTable.java
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package table;
 
+import static function.builtin.cons.APPEND.append;
 import static function.builtin.cons.LIST.makeList;
 import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
 
@@ -8,7 +9,6 @@ import java.util.Map.Entry;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.TreeMap;
 
-import function.builtin.cons.APPEND;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
 import sexpression.Symbol;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public class SymbolTable {
         Cons context = NIL;
 
         for (Entry<String, SExpression> binding : getSortedBindings())
-            context = APPEND.append(context, makeList(makeSymbolValuePair(binding)));
+            context = append(context, makeList(makeSymbolValuePair(binding)));
 
         return context;
     }
diff --git a/test/function/builtin/cons/APPENDTest.java b/test/function/builtin/cons/APPENDTest.java
index 38ce2b2..5ed6fa9 100644
--- a/test/function/builtin/cons/APPENDTest.java
+++ b/test/function/builtin/cons/APPENDTest.java
@@ -43,22 +43,22 @@ public class APPENDTest extends SymbolAndFunctionCleaner {
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void appendMakesCopies() {
+    public void appendMakesCopyOfFirstList() {
         evaluateString("(setq x '(1 2 3))");
         evaluateString("(setq y '(4 5 6))");
         evaluateString("(append x y)");
 
         assertSExpressionsMatch(parseString("(1 2 3)"), evaluateString("x"));
-        assertSExpressionsMatch(parseString("(4 5 6)"), evaluateString("y"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void appendAllowsDottedSecondList() {
+        String input = "(append '() (cons 3 4))";
+        assertSExpressionsMatch(evaluateString("(cons 3 4)"), evaluateString(input));
     }
 
     @Test(expected = DottedArgumentListException.class)
     public void appendWithDottedFirstList() {
-        evaluateString("(append '(1 2) (cons 3 4))");
-    }
-
-    @Test(expected = DottedArgumentListException.class)
-    public void appendWithDottedSecondList() {
         evaluateString("(append (cons 1 2) '(3 4))");
     }