Convert sexpressions to kotlin

src/main/kotlin/function/UserDefinedFunction.java

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import error.LispException;
 import recursion.TailCall;
 import recursion.TailCalls;
 import sexpression.Cons;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
 import sexpression.Symbol;
 import table.ExecutionContext;
@@ -14,7 +15,6 @@ import java.util.ArrayList;
 import static function.builtin.EVAL.eval;
 import static java.text.MessageFormat.format;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.done;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
 
 public class UserDefinedFunction extends LispFunction {
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ public class UserDefinedFunction extends LispFunction {
     }
 
     private SExpression evaluateBody() {
-        SExpression lastEvaluation = NIL;
+        SExpression lastEvaluation = Nil.INSTANCE;
 
         for (Cons expression = body; expression.isCons(); expression = (Cons) expression.getRest())
             lastEvaluation = eval(expression.getFirst());

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/BackquoteEvaluator.java

@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ import sexpression.AtSignExpression;
 import sexpression.BackquoteExpression;
 import sexpression.CommaExpression;
 import sexpression.Cons;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
 
 import static function.builtin.EVAL.eval;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
 
 class BackquoteEvaluator {
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class BackquoteEvaluator {
         this.listValidator = new ArgumentValidator("`|list|");
         this.atSignValidator = new ArgumentValidator("@|list|");
         this.backTick = backTick;
-        this.resolvedList = new Cons(NIL, NIL);
+        this.resolvedList = new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE);
         this.leader = resolvedList;
         this.follower = resolvedList;
     }
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class BackquoteEvaluator {
         for (; list.isCons(); list = (Cons) list.getRest())
             resolveExpression(list.getFirst());
 
-        follower.setRest(NIL);
+        follower.setRest(Nil.INSTANCE);
     }
 
     private void resolveExpression(SExpression expression) {
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class BackquoteEvaluator {
 
     private void addResolvedExpression(SExpression expression) {
         leader.setFirst(expression);
-        leader.setRest(new Cons(NIL, NIL));
+        leader.setRest(new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE));
         follower = leader;
         leader = (Cons) leader.getRest();
     }

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/EVAL.java

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import function.builtin.special.RECUR.RecurNotInTailPositionException;
 import sexpression.BackquoteExpression;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.LambdaExpression;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
 import sexpression.Symbol;
 import table.ExecutionContext;
@@ -16,8 +17,6 @@ import table.FunctionTable;
 import static function.builtin.cons.LIST.makeList;
 import static function.builtin.special.Lambda.Lambda;
 import static java.text.MessageFormat.format;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "EVAL" })
 public class EVAL extends LispFunction {
@@ -67,9 +66,9 @@ public class EVAL extends LispFunction {
 
     public static SExpression lookupSymbol(String symbolName) {
         if (symbolName.equals("NIL"))
-            return NIL;
+            return Nil.INSTANCE;
         else if (symbolName.equals("T"))
-            return T;
+            return Symbol.Companion.getT();
         else if (symbolName.startsWith(":"))
             return new Symbol(symbolName);
 
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ public class EVAL extends LispFunction {
 
     private Cons evaluateArgumentList(Cons arguments) {
         if (arguments.isNull())
-            return NIL;
+            return Nil.INSTANCE;
 
         SExpression first = eval(arguments.getFirst());
         SExpression rest = arguments.getRest();

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/Exit.kt

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import function.ArgumentValidator
 import function.FunctionNames
 import function.LispFunction
 import sexpression.Cons
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Nil
 import sexpression.SExpression
 
 @FunctionNames("EXIT")
@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ class Exit(name: String) : LispFunction() {
         argumentValidator.validate(argumentList)
         RuntimeEnvironment.terminateSuccessfully()
 
-        return NIL
+        return Nil
     }
 }

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/LOAD.java

@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ import function.LispFunction;
 import parser.LispParser;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.LispString;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
+import sexpression.Symbol;
 import util.Path;
 
 import java.io.FileInputStream;
@@ -18,8 +20,6 @@ import java.util.Stack;
 
 import static function.builtin.EVAL.eval;
 import static java.text.MessageFormat.format;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "LOAD" })
 public class LOAD extends LispFunction {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ public class LOAD extends LispFunction {
         if (parser != null)
             isSuccessful = isSuccessfulEvaluationWithPathPrefix(prefixedFileName, parser);
 
-        return isSuccessful ? T : NIL;
+        return isSuccessful ? Symbol.Companion.getT() : Nil.INSTANCE;
     }
 
     private String prefixFileNameIfNecessary(String fileName) {

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/cons/APPEND.java

@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@ import function.ArgumentValidator;
 import function.FunctionNames;
 import function.LispFunction;
 import sexpression.Cons;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import table.FunctionTable;
 
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-
 @FunctionNames({ "APPEND" })
 public class APPEND extends LispFunction {
 
@@ -53,11 +52,11 @@ public class APPEND extends LispFunction {
     }
 
     private Cons copy(Cons list) {
-        Cons newList = new Cons(list.getFirst(), NIL);
+        Cons newList = new Cons(list.getFirst(), Nil.INSTANCE);
         Cons builder = newList;
 
         for (Cons iterator = (Cons) list.getRest(); iterator.isCons(); iterator = (Cons) iterator.getRest()) {
-            builder.setRest(new Cons(iterator.getFirst(), NIL));
+            builder.setRest(new Cons(iterator.getFirst(), Nil.INSTANCE));
             builder = (Cons) builder.getRest();
         }
 

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/cons/LIST.java

@@ -4,15 +4,14 @@ import function.ArgumentValidator;
 import function.FunctionNames;
 import function.LispFunction;
 import sexpression.Cons;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
 
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-
 @FunctionNames({ "LIST" })
 public class LIST extends LispFunction {
 
     public static Cons makeList(SExpression sexpr) {
-        return new Cons(sexpr, NIL);
+        return new Cons(sexpr, Nil.INSTANCE);
     }
 
     private ArgumentValidator argumentValidator;

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/math/MULTIPLY.java

@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ import function.LispFunction;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.LispNumber;
 
-import static sexpression.LispNumber.ONE;
-
 @FunctionNames({ "*" })
 public class MULTIPLY extends LispFunction {
 
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ public class MULTIPLY extends LispFunction {
     public LispNumber call(Cons argumentList) {
         argumentValidator.validate(argumentList);
 
-        return mathFunction.callTailRecursive(new Cons(ONE, argumentList)).invoke();
+        return mathFunction.callTailRecursive(new Cons(LispNumber.Companion.getONE(), argumentList)).invoke();
     }
 
     private LispNumber multiply(LispNumber number1, LispNumber number2) {

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/math/PLUS.java

@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ import function.LispFunction;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.LispNumber;
 
-import static sexpression.LispNumber.ZERO;
-
 @FunctionNames({ "+" })
 public class PLUS extends LispFunction {
 
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ public class PLUS extends LispFunction {
     public LispNumber call(Cons argumentList) {
         argumentValidator.validate(argumentList);
 
-        return mathFunction.callTailRecursive(new Cons(ZERO, argumentList)).invoke();
+        return mathFunction.callTailRecursive(new Cons(LispNumber.Companion.getZERO(), argumentList)).invoke();
     }
 
     private LispNumber add(LispNumber number1, LispNumber number2) {

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/predicate/ATOM.java

@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@ import function.ArgumentValidator;
 import function.FunctionNames;
 import function.LispFunction;
 import sexpression.Cons;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
-
+import sexpression.Symbol;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "ATOM", "ATOM?" })
 public class ATOM extends LispFunction {
@@ -24,6 +23,6 @@ public class ATOM extends LispFunction {
         argumentValidator.validate(argumentList);
         SExpression argument = argumentList.getFirst();
 
-        return argument.isAtom() ? T : NIL;
+        return argument.isAtom() ? Symbol.Companion.getT() : Nil.INSTANCE;
     }
 }

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/predicate/EQ.java

@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@ import function.ArgumentValidator;
 import function.FunctionNames;
 import function.LispFunction;
 import sexpression.Cons;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
-
+import sexpression.Symbol;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "EQ", "EQ?" })
 public class EQ extends LispFunction {
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ public class EQ extends LispFunction {
     }
 
     private SExpression atomEq(SExpression firstArgument, SExpression secondArgument) {
-        return isEq(firstArgument, secondArgument) ? T : NIL;
+        return isEq(firstArgument, secondArgument) ? Symbol.Companion.getT() : Nil.INSTANCE;
     }
 
     private boolean isEq(SExpression firstArgument, SExpression secondArgument) {
@@ -50,6 +49,6 @@ public class EQ extends LispFunction {
     }
 
     private SExpression listEq(SExpression firstArgument, SExpression secondArgument) {
-        return (firstArgument == secondArgument) ? T : NIL;
+        return (firstArgument == secondArgument) ? Symbol.Companion.getT() : Nil.INSTANCE;
     }
 }

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/predicate/EQUAL.java

@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@ import function.ArgumentValidator;
 import function.FunctionNames;
 import function.LispFunction;
 import sexpression.Cons;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
-
+import sexpression.Symbol;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "EQUAL", "EQUAL?" })
 public class EQUAL extends LispFunction {
@@ -35,6 +34,6 @@ public class EQUAL extends LispFunction {
     }
 
     private SExpression equal(SExpression firstArgument, SExpression secondArgument) {
-        return isEqual(firstArgument, secondArgument) ? T : NIL;
+        return isEqual(firstArgument, secondArgument) ? Symbol.Companion.getT() : Nil.INSTANCE;
     }
 }

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/predicate/GENSYM_EQUAL.java

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ import function.ArgumentValidator;
 import function.FunctionNames;
 import function.LispFunction;
 import sexpression.Cons;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
+import sexpression.Symbol;
 
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -13,8 +15,6 @@ import java.util.regex.Matcher;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
 import static function.builtin.GENSYM.GENSYM_PREFIX;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "GENSYM-EQUAL", "GENSYM-EQUAL?" })
 public class GENSYM_EQUAL extends LispFunction {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public class GENSYM_EQUAL extends LispFunction {
         String firstEqualized = equalizeGensyms(firstArgument);
         String secondEqualized = equalizeGensyms(secondArgument);
 
-        return firstEqualized.equals(secondEqualized) ? T : NIL;
+        return firstEqualized.equals(secondEqualized) ? Symbol.Companion.getT() : Nil.INSTANCE;
     }
 
     private String equalizeGensyms(SExpression expression) {

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/predicate/LISTP.java

@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@ import function.ArgumentValidator;
 import function.FunctionNames;
 import function.LispFunction;
 import sexpression.Cons;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
-
+import sexpression.Symbol;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "LISTP", "LIST?" })
 public class LISTP extends LispFunction {
@@ -23,6 +22,6 @@ public class LISTP extends LispFunction {
     public SExpression call(Cons argumentList) {
         argumentValidator.validate(argumentList);
 
-        return argumentList.getFirst().isList() ? T : NIL;
+        return argumentList.getFirst().isList() ? Symbol.Companion.getT() : Nil.INSTANCE;
     }
 }

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/predicate/NULL.java

@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@ import function.ArgumentValidator;
 import function.FunctionNames;
 import function.LispFunction;
 import sexpression.Cons;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
-
+import sexpression.Symbol;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "NULL", "NULL?" })
 public class NULL extends LispFunction {
@@ -23,6 +22,6 @@ public class NULL extends LispFunction {
     public SExpression call(Cons argumentList) {
         argumentValidator.validate(argumentList);
 
-        return argumentList.getFirst().isNull() ? T : NIL;
+        return argumentList.getFirst().isNull() ? Symbol.Companion.getT() : Nil.INSTANCE;
     }
 }

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/predicate/NUMERIC_GREATER.java

@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ import function.LispFunction;
 import recursion.TailCall;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.LispNumber;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
+import sexpression.Symbol;
 
 import static recursion.TailCalls.done;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.tailCall;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 @FunctionNames({ ">" })
 public class NUMERIC_GREATER extends LispFunction {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public class NUMERIC_GREATER extends LispFunction {
         Cons remainingArguments = (Cons) argumentList.getRest();
 
         if (remainingArguments.isNull())
-            return done(T);
+            return done(Symbol.Companion.getT());
 
         SExpression firstArgument = argumentList.getFirst();
         SExpression secondArgument = remainingArguments.getFirst();
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public class NUMERIC_GREATER extends LispFunction {
         LispNumber number2 = (LispNumber) secondArgument;
 
         if (!isFirstGreater(number1, number2))
-            return done(NIL);
+            return done(Nil.INSTANCE);
 
         return tailCall(() -> callTailRecursive(remainingArguments));
     }

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/predicate/NUMERIC_LESS.java

@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ import function.LispFunction;
 import recursion.TailCall;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.LispNumber;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
+import sexpression.Symbol;
 
 import static recursion.TailCalls.done;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.tailCall;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "<" })
 public class NUMERIC_LESS extends LispFunction {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public class NUMERIC_LESS extends LispFunction {
         Cons remainingArguments = (Cons) argumentList.getRest();
 
         if (remainingArguments.isNull())
-            return done(T);
+            return done(Symbol.Companion.getT());
 
         SExpression firstArgument = argumentList.getFirst();
         SExpression secondArgument = remainingArguments.getFirst();
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public class NUMERIC_LESS extends LispFunction {
         LispNumber number2 = (LispNumber) secondArgument;
 
         if (!isFirstLesser(number1, number2))
-            return done(NIL);
+            return done(Nil.INSTANCE);
 
         return tailCall(() -> callTailRecursive(remainingArguments));
     }

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/predicate/NumericEqual.kt

@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ import function.FunctionNames
 import function.LispFunction
 import sexpression.Cons
 import sexpression.LispNumber
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Nil
 import sexpression.SExpression
-import sexpression.Symbol.T
+import sexpression.Symbol.Companion.T
 
 @FunctionNames("=")
 class NumericEqual(name: String) : LispFunction() {
@@ -34,6 +34,6 @@ class NumericEqual(name: String) : LispFunction() {
         val number1 = argumentList.first as LispNumber
         val number2 = remainingArguments.first as LispNumber
 
-        return if (number1.value != number2.value) NIL else callTailRecursive(remainingArguments)
+        return if (number1.value != number2.value) Nil else callTailRecursive(remainingArguments)
     }
 }

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/special/AND.java

@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ import function.LispSpecialFunction;
 import recursion.TailCall;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
+import sexpression.Symbol;
 
 import static function.builtin.EVAL.eval;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.done;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.tailCall;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "AND" })
 public class AND extends LispSpecialFunction {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ public class AND extends LispSpecialFunction {
     public SExpression call(Cons argumentList) {
         argumentValidator.validate(argumentList);
 
-        return callTailRecursive(argumentList, T).invoke();
+        return callTailRecursive(argumentList, Symbol.Companion.getT()).invoke();
     }
 
     private TailCall<SExpression> callTailRecursive(Cons argumentList, SExpression lastValue) {

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/special/CASE.java

@@ -7,13 +7,12 @@ import recursion.TailCall;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
+import sexpression.Symbol;
 
 import static function.builtin.EVAL.eval;
 import static function.builtin.predicate.EQUAL.isEqual;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.done;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.tailCall;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "CASE" })
 public class CASE extends LispSpecialFunction {
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ public class CASE extends LispSpecialFunction {
 
     private TailCall<SExpression> callTailRecursive(SExpression key, Cons argumentList) {
         if (argumentList.isNull())
-            return done(NIL);
+            return done(Nil.INSTANCE);
 
         Cons clause = (Cons) argumentList.getFirst();
         Cons remainingClauses = (Cons) argumentList.getRest();
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ public class CASE extends LispSpecialFunction {
         else if (keyList.isCons())
             return containsMatch(key, keyList);
 
-        return isEqual(key, keyList) || isEqual(T, keyList);
+        return isEqual(key, keyList) || isEqual(Symbol.Companion.getT(), keyList);
     }
 
     private boolean containsMatch(SExpression key, SExpression keyList) {
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ public class CASE extends LispSpecialFunction {
     }
 
     private SExpression evaluateConsequents(SExpression consequentList) {
-        SExpression lastConsequentValue = NIL;
+        SExpression lastConsequentValue = Nil.INSTANCE;
 
         for (; consequentList.isCons(); consequentList = advanceCons(consequentList))
             lastConsequentValue = eval(getFirst(consequentList));

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/special/COND.java

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import sexpression.SExpression;
 import static function.builtin.EVAL.eval;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.done;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.tailCall;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "COND" })
 public class COND extends LispSpecialFunction {
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ public class COND extends LispSpecialFunction {
 
     private TailCall<SExpression> callTailRecursive(Cons argumentList) {
         if (argumentList.isNull())
-            return done(NIL);
+            return done(Nil.INSTANCE);
 
         Cons clause = (Cons) argumentList.getFirst();
         Cons remainingClauses = (Cons) argumentList.getRest();
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ public class COND extends LispSpecialFunction {
     }
 
     private boolean isTestSuccessful(SExpression test) {
-        return test != NIL;
+        return test != Nil.INSTANCE;
     }
 
     private SExpression evaluateConsequents(SExpression consequentList, SExpression test) {

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/special/LET.java

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ import function.ArgumentValidator;
 import function.FunctionNames;
 import function.LispSpecialFunction;
 import sexpression.Cons;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
 import sexpression.Symbol;
 import table.ExecutionContext;
 import table.SymbolTable;
 
 import static function.builtin.EVAL.eval;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "LET" })
 public class LET extends LispSpecialFunction {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ public class LET extends LispSpecialFunction {
     }
 
     private SExpression evaluateBody(Cons body) {
-        SExpression lastEvaluation = NIL;
+        SExpression lastEvaluation = Nil.INSTANCE;
 
         for (; body.isCons(); body = (Cons) body.getRest())
             lastEvaluation = eval(body.getFirst());

src/main/kotlin/function/builtin/special/PROGN.java

@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ import function.FunctionNames;
 import function.LispSpecialFunction;
 import recursion.TailCall;
 import sexpression.Cons;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
 
 import static function.builtin.EVAL.eval;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.done;
 import static recursion.TailCalls.tailCall;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
 
 @FunctionNames({ "PROGN", "BEGIN" })
 public class PROGN extends LispSpecialFunction {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ public class PROGN extends LispSpecialFunction {
     public SExpression call(Cons argumentList) {
         argumentValidator.validate(argumentList);
 
-        return callTailRecursive(argumentList, NIL).invoke();
+        return callTailRecursive(argumentList, Nil.INSTANCE).invoke();
     }
 
     private TailCall<SExpression> callTailRecursive(Cons argumentList, SExpression lastValue) {

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/AtSignExpression.java

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-package sexpression;
-
-public class AtSignExpression extends SExpression {
-
-    private SExpression expression;
-
-    public AtSignExpression(SExpression expression) {
-        this.expression = expression;
-    }
-
-    public SExpression getExpression() {
-        return expression;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isAtSign() {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return "@" + expression;
-    }
-}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/AtSignExpression.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package sexpression
+
+class AtSignExpression(val expression: SExpression) : SExpression() {
+
+    override val isAtSign: Boolean
+        get() = true
+
+    override fun toString() = "@$expression"
+}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/Atom.java

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-package sexpression;
-
-@DisplayName("atom")
-public abstract class Atom extends SExpression {
-
-    private String text;
-
-    public Atom(String text) {
-        this.text = text;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isAtom() {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return text;
-    }
-}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/Atom.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package sexpression
+
+@DisplayName("atom")
+abstract class Atom(private val text: String) : SExpression() {
+
+    override val isAtom: Boolean
+        get() = true
+
+    override fun toString() = text
+}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/BackquoteExpression.java

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-package sexpression;
-
-public class BackquoteExpression extends SExpression {
-
-    private SExpression expression;
-
-    public BackquoteExpression(SExpression expression) {
-        this.expression = expression;
-    }
-
-    public SExpression getExpression() {
-        return expression;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isBackquote() {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return "`" + expression;
-    }
-}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/BackquoteExpression.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package sexpression
+
+class BackquoteExpression(val expression: SExpression) : SExpression() {
+
+    override val isBackquote: Boolean
+        get() = true
+
+    override fun toString() = "`$expression"
+}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/CommaExpression.java

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-package sexpression;
-
-public class CommaExpression extends SExpression {
-
-    private SExpression expression;
-
-    public CommaExpression(SExpression expression) {
-        this.expression = expression;
-    }
-
-    public SExpression getExpression() {
-        return expression;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isComma() {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return "," + expression;
-    }
-}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/CommaExpression.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package sexpression
+
+class CommaExpression(val expression: SExpression) : SExpression() {
+
+    override val isComma: Boolean
+        get() = true
+
+    override fun toString() = ",$expression"
+}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/Cons.java

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-package sexpression;
-
-import recursion.TailCall;
-
-import static recursion.TailCalls.done;
-import static recursion.TailCalls.tailCall;
-
-@DisplayName("list")
-public class Cons extends SExpression {
-
-    private SExpression first;
-    private SExpression rest;
-
-    public Cons(SExpression first, SExpression rest) {
-        this.first = first;
-        this.rest = rest;
-    }
-
-    public SExpression getFirst() {
-        return first;
-    }
-
-    public SExpression getRest() {
-        return rest;
-    }
-
-    public void setFirst(SExpression first) {
-        this.first = first;
-    }
-
-    public void setRest(SExpression rest) {
-        this.rest = rest;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isCons() {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return toStringTailRecursive(new StringBuilder("(")).invoke();
-    }
-
-    private TailCall<String> toStringTailRecursive(StringBuilder leadingString) {
-        leadingString.append(first.toString());
-
-        if (rest.isNull())
-            return done(leadingString.append(")").toString());
-        else if (rest.isCons()) {
-            return tailCall(() -> ((Cons) rest).toStringTailRecursive(leadingString.append(" ")));
-        }
-
-        return done(leadingString.append(" . " + rest.toString() + ")").toString());
-    }
-}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/Cons.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package sexpression
+
+import recursion.TailCall
+
+import recursion.TailCalls.done
+import recursion.TailCalls.tailCall
+
+@DisplayName("list")
+open class Cons(open var first: SExpression, open var rest: SExpression) : SExpression() {
+
+    override val isCons: Boolean
+        get() = true
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return toStringTailRecursive(StringBuilder("(")).invoke()
+    }
+
+    private fun toStringTailRecursive(leadingString: StringBuilder): TailCall<String> {
+        leadingString.append(first.toString())
+
+        if (rest.isNull)
+            return done(leadingString.append(")").toString())
+        else if (rest.isCons) {
+            return tailCall { (rest as Cons).toStringTailRecursive(leadingString.append(" ")) }
+        }
+
+        return done(leadingString.append(" . " + rest.toString() + ")").toString())
+    }
+}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/DisplayName.java

@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-package sexpression;
-
-import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
-import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
-import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
-import java.lang.annotation.Target;
-
-@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
-@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
-public @interface DisplayName {
-
-    String value();
-}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/DisplayName.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package sexpression
+
+import kotlin.annotation.AnnotationRetention.RUNTIME
+import kotlin.annotation.AnnotationTarget.CLASS
+import kotlin.annotation.AnnotationTarget.FILE
+
+@Retention(RUNTIME)
+@Target(CLASS, FILE)
+annotation class DisplayName(val value: String)

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/LambdaExpression.java

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-package sexpression;
-
-import function.UserDefinedFunction;
-
-@DisplayName("lambda-expression")
-public class LambdaExpression extends SExpression {
-
-    private Cons lambdaExpression;
-    private UserDefinedFunction function;
-
-    public LambdaExpression(Cons lambdaExpression, UserDefinedFunction function) {
-        this.lambdaExpression = lambdaExpression;
-        this.function = function;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isFunction() {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    public Cons getLambdaExpression() {
-        return lambdaExpression;
-    }
-
-    public UserDefinedFunction getFunction() {
-        return function;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return lambdaExpression.toString();
-    }
-}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/LambdaExpression.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package sexpression
+
+import function.UserDefinedFunction
+
+@DisplayName("lambda-expression")
+class LambdaExpression(val lambdaExpression: Cons, val function: UserDefinedFunction) : SExpression() {
+
+    override val isFunction: Boolean
+        get() = true
+
+    override fun toString() = lambdaExpression.toString()
+}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/LispNumber.java

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-package sexpression;
-
-import error.LispException;
-
-import java.math.BigInteger;
-
-import static java.text.MessageFormat.format;
-
-@DisplayName("number")
-public class LispNumber extends Atom {
-
-    public static final LispNumber ZERO = new LispNumber(BigInteger.ZERO);
-    public static final LispNumber ONE = new LispNumber(BigInteger.ONE);
-
-    private BigInteger value;
-
-    public LispNumber(String text) {
-        super(text.replaceFirst("^0+(?!$)", ""));
-
-        try {
-            this.value = new BigInteger(text);
-        } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
-            throw new InvalidNumberException(text);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public LispNumber(BigInteger value) {
-        super(value.toString());
-
-        this.value = value;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isNumber() {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    public BigInteger getValue() {
-        return value;
-    }
-
-    public class InvalidNumberException extends LispException {
-
-        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
-        private String text;
-
-        public InvalidNumberException(String text) {
-            this.text = text;
-        }
-
-        @Override
-        public String getMessage() {
-            return format("{0} is not a valid integer", text);
-        }
-    }
-}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/LispNumber.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package sexpression
+
+import error.LispException
+
+import java.math.BigInteger
+
+import java.text.MessageFormat.format
+
+@DisplayName("number")
+class LispNumber : Atom {
+
+    var value: BigInteger? = null
+        private set
+
+    override val isNumber: Boolean
+        get() = true
+
+    constructor(text: String) : super(text.replaceFirst("^0+(?!$)".toRegex(), "")) {
+        try {
+            this.value = BigInteger(text)
+        } catch (e: NumberFormatException) {
+            throw InvalidNumberException(text)
+        }
+    }
+
+    constructor(value: BigInteger) : super(value.toString()) {
+        this.value = value
+    }
+
+    inner class InvalidNumberException(private val text: String) : LispException() {
+        override val message: String
+            get() = format("{0} is not a valid integer", text)
+    }
+
+    companion object {
+        val ZERO = LispNumber(BigInteger.ZERO)
+        val ONE = LispNumber(BigInteger.ONE)
+    }
+}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/LispString.java

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-package sexpression;
-
-@DisplayName("string")
-public class LispString extends Atom {
-
-    public LispString(String text) {
-        super(text);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isString() {
-        return true;
-    }
-}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/LispString.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package sexpression
+
+@DisplayName("string")
+class LispString(text: String) : Atom(text) {
+
+    override val isString: Boolean
+        get() = true
+}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/Nil.java

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-package sexpression;
-
-@DisplayName("nil")
-public class Nil extends Cons {
-
-    public static final Nil NIL = new Nil();
-
-    private Nil() {
-        super(null, null);
-
-        super.setFirst(this);
-        super.setRest(this);
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isNull() {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isAtom() {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isCons() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isSymbol() {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * The first of NIL can not be changed.
-     */
-    @Override
-    public void setFirst(SExpression first) {}
-
-    /**
-     * The rest of NIL can not be changed.
-     */
-    @Override
-    public void setRest(SExpression rest) {}
-
-    @Override
-    public String toString() {
-        return "NIL";
-    }
-}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/Nil.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package sexpression
+
+import sexpression.Symbol.Companion.T
+
+@DisplayName("nil")
+object Nil : Cons(T, T) {
+
+    override var first: SExpression = this
+        set(_) {}
+
+    override var rest: SExpression = this
+        set(_) {}
+
+    override val isNull: Boolean
+        get() = true
+
+    override val isAtom: Boolean
+        get() = true
+
+    override val isCons: Boolean
+        get() = false
+
+    override val isSymbol: Boolean
+        get() = true
+
+    override fun toString() = "NIL"
+}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/SExpression.java

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-package sexpression;
-
-@DisplayName("s-expression")
-public abstract class SExpression {
-
-    public boolean isNull() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public boolean isAtom() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public boolean isCons() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public boolean isList() {
-        return (isCons() || isNull());
-    }
-
-    public boolean isNumber() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public boolean isSymbol() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public boolean isFunction() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public boolean isString() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public boolean isBackquote() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public boolean isComma() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    public boolean isAtSign() {
-        return false;
-    }
-}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/SExpression.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package sexpression
+
+@DisplayName("s-expression")
+abstract class SExpression {
+
+    open val isNull: Boolean
+        get() = false
+
+    open val isAtom: Boolean
+        get() = false
+
+    open val isCons: Boolean
+        get() = false
+
+    open val isList: Boolean
+        get() = isCons || isNull
+
+    open val isNumber: Boolean
+        get() = false
+
+    open val isSymbol: Boolean
+        get() = false
+
+    open val isFunction: Boolean
+        get() = false
+
+    open val isString: Boolean
+        get() = false
+
+    open val isBackquote: Boolean
+        get() = false
+
+    open val isComma: Boolean
+        get() = false
+
+    open val isAtSign: Boolean
+        get() = false
+}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/Symbol.java

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-package sexpression;
-
-import java.util.Locale;
-
-@DisplayName("symbol")
-public class Symbol extends Atom {
-
-    public static final Symbol T = new Symbol("T");
-
-    public static Symbol createQuote() {
-        return new Symbol("QUOTE");
-    }
-
-    public Symbol(String text) {
-        super(text.toUpperCase(Locale.ROOT));
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public boolean isSymbol() {
-        return true;
-    }
-}

src/main/kotlin/sexpression/Symbol.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package sexpression
+
+import java.util.Locale
+
+@DisplayName("symbol")
+open class Symbol(text: String) : Atom(text.toUpperCase(Locale.ROOT)) {
+
+    override val isSymbol: Boolean
+        get() = true
+
+    companion object {
+        val T = Symbol("T")
+
+        fun createQuote() = Symbol("QUOTE")
+    }
+}

src/main/kotlin/table/ExecutionContext.kt

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package table
 
 import function.LispFunction
 import sexpression.Cons
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Nil
 import sexpression.SExpression
 import table.SymbolTable.NullSymbolTable
 import java.util.Stack
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ object ExecutionContext {
     }
 
     fun toList(): Cons {
-        var symbols: Cons = NIL
+        var symbols: Cons = Nil
 
         for (table in scope)
             symbols = Cons(table.toList(), symbols)

src/main/kotlin/table/SymbolTable.kt

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package table
 import function.builtin.cons.APPEND.append
 import function.builtin.cons.LIST.makeList
 import sexpression.Cons
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Nil
 import sexpression.SExpression
 import sexpression.Symbol
 import kotlin.collections.Map.Entry
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ open class SymbolTable @JvmOverloads constructor(open val parent: SymbolTable? =
     fun isGlobal() = parent === NullSymbolTable
 
     fun toList(): Cons {
-        var context: Cons = NIL
+        var context: Cons = Nil
 
         for (binding in table.toSortedMap().entries)
             context = append(context, makeList(makeSymbolValuePair(binding)))

src/main/kotlin/token/QuoteMark.kt

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package token
 
 import file.FilePosition
 import sexpression.Cons
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Nil
 import sexpression.SExpression
 import sexpression.Symbol
 
@@ -12,6 +12,6 @@ class QuoteMark(text: String, position: FilePosition) : Token(text, position) {
         val nextToken = getNextToken()
         val argument = nextToken.parseSExpression(getNextToken)
 
-        return Cons(Symbol.createQuote(), Cons(argument, NIL))
+        return Cons(Symbol.createQuote(), Cons(argument, Nil))
     }
 }

src/main/kotlin/token/RightParenthesis.kt

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import file.FilePosition
 import recursion.TailCall
 import recursion.TailCalls.done
 import sexpression.Cons
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Nil
 import sexpression.SExpression
 
 class RightParenthesis(text: String, position: FilePosition) : Token(text, position) {
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class RightParenthesis(text: String, position: FilePosition) : Token(text, posit
     }
 
     override fun parseListTail(getNextToken: () -> Token): TailCall<Cons> {
-        return done(NIL)
+        return done(Nil)
     }
 
     override fun parseListTailRecursive(start: Cons, end: Cons, getNextToken: () -> Token): TailCall<Cons> {

src/main/kotlin/token/Token.kt

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import file.FilePosition
 import recursion.TailCall
 import recursion.TailCalls.tailCall
 import sexpression.Cons
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Nil
 import sexpression.SExpression
 
 abstract class Token(val text: String, val position: FilePosition) {
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ abstract class Token(val text: String, val position: FilePosition) {
     abstract fun parseSExpression(getNextToken: () -> Token): SExpression
 
     open fun parseListTail(getNextToken: () -> Token): TailCall<Cons> {
-        val firstCons = Cons(parseSExpression(getNextToken), NIL)
+        val firstCons = Cons(parseSExpression(getNextToken), Nil)
         val next = getNextToken()
 
         return tailCall { next.parseListTailRecursive(firstCons, firstCons, getNextToken) }
     }
 
     protected open fun parseListTailRecursive(start: Cons, end: Cons, getNextToken: () -> Token): TailCall<Cons> {
-        val newEnd = Cons(parseSExpression(getNextToken), NIL)
+        val newEnd = Cons(parseSExpression(getNextToken), Nil)
         val next = getNextToken()
         end.rest = newEnd
 

src/main/resources/dlambda.lisp

@@ -3,13 +3,11 @@
 (defmacro dlambda (&rest methods)
   (let ((arguments (gensym)))
 
-    `(lambda (&rest ,arguments)
+    `(lambda (&rest, arguments)
-      (case (first ,arguments)
+       (case (first, arguments), @(mapcar
-        ,@(mapcar
+                                                             (lambda (method))
-            (lambda (method)
+                                                               `(, (first method))
-              `(,(first method)
+                                                                 (apply (lambda, @(rest method)), (if (equal t (first method)))
-                (apply (lambda ,@(rest method))
-                       ,(if (equal t (first method))
                                                                                                                             arguments
-                         `(rest ,arguments)))))
+                                                                                                                            `(rest, arguments))
                                                              methods)))))

src/main/resources/functions.lisp

@@ -60,4 +60,4 @@
 
 (eval
   (let ((expr (gensym)))
-    `(defun global-eval (,expr) (eval ,expr))))
+    `(defun global-eval (, expr) (eval, expr))))

src/test/kotlin/function/ArgumentValidatorTest.java

@@ -16,18 +16,16 @@ import static error.Severity.ERROR;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 
 public class ArgumentValidatorTest {
 
     private ArgumentValidator validator;
 
     private Cons makeArgumentListOfSize(int size) {
-        Cons argumentList = NIL;
+        Cons argumentList = Nil.INSTANCE;
 
         for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
-            argumentList = new Cons(NIL, argumentList);
+            argumentList = new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, argumentList);
 
         return argumentList;
     }
@@ -84,7 +82,7 @@ public class ArgumentValidatorTest {
 
     @Test
     public void tooManyArgumentsException_HasCorrectAttributes() {
-        TooManyArgumentsException e = new TooManyArgumentsException("TEST", NIL);
+        TooManyArgumentsException e = new TooManyArgumentsException("TEST", Nil.INSTANCE);
 
         assertEquals(ERROR, e.getSeverity());
         assertNotNull(e.getMessage());
@@ -93,7 +91,7 @@ public class ArgumentValidatorTest {
 
     @Test
     public void tooFewArgumentsException_HasCorrectAttributes() {
-        TooFewArgumentsException e = new TooFewArgumentsException("TEST", NIL);
+        TooFewArgumentsException e = new TooFewArgumentsException("TEST", Nil.INSTANCE);
 
         assertEquals(ERROR, e.getSeverity());
         assertNotNull(e.getMessage());
@@ -102,7 +100,7 @@ public class ArgumentValidatorTest {
 
     @Test
     public void badArgumentTypeException_HasCorrectAttributes() {
-        BadArgumentTypeException e = new BadArgumentTypeException("TEST", NIL, SExpression.class);
+        BadArgumentTypeException e = new BadArgumentTypeException("TEST", Nil.INSTANCE, SExpression.class);
 
         assertEquals(ERROR, e.getSeverity());
         assertNotNull(e.getMessage());
@@ -123,7 +121,7 @@ public class ArgumentValidatorTest {
 
     @Test
     public void correctFirstAndRestArgumentTypes_DoesNotThrowException() {
-        Cons argumentList = new Cons(T, new Cons(NIL, NIL));
+        Cons argumentList = new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE));
 
         validator.setFirstArgumentExpectedType(Symbol.class);
         validator.setTrailingArgumentExpectedType(Cons.class);
@@ -132,7 +130,7 @@ public class ArgumentValidatorTest {
 
     @Test(expected = BadArgumentTypeException.class)
     public void badFirstArgumentType_ThrowsException() {
-        Cons argumentList = new Cons(T, new Cons(NIL, NIL));
+        Cons argumentList = new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE));
 
         validator.setFirstArgumentExpectedType(Cons.class);
         validator.setTrailingArgumentExpectedType(Cons.class);
@@ -141,7 +139,7 @@ public class ArgumentValidatorTest {
 
     @Test(expected = BadArgumentTypeException.class)
     public void badTrailingArgumentType_ThrowsException() {
-        Cons argumentList = new Cons(T, new Cons(NIL, NIL));
+        Cons argumentList = new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE));
 
         validator.setFirstArgumentExpectedType(Symbol.class);
         validator.setTrailingArgumentExpectedType(Symbol.class);
@@ -150,7 +148,7 @@ public class ArgumentValidatorTest {
 
     @Test
     public void expectedTypeWithNoDisplayName_DoesNotCauseNPE() {
-        Cons argumentList = new Cons(T, new Cons(NIL, NIL));
+        Cons argumentList = new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE));
         SExpression withoutDisplayName = new SExpression() {};
 
         validator.setEveryArgumentExpectedType(withoutDisplayName.getClass());
@@ -165,21 +163,22 @@ public class ArgumentValidatorTest {
 
     @Test(expected = DottedArgumentListException.class)
     public void givenDottedArgumentList_ThrowsException() {
-        Cons argumentList = new Cons(T, T);
+        Cons argumentList = new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), Symbol.Companion.getT());
 
         validator.validate(argumentList);
     }
 
     @Test(expected = DottedArgumentListException.class)
     public void givenLargeDottedArgumentList_ThrowsException() {
-        Cons argumentList = new Cons(T, new Cons(T, T));
+        Cons argumentList =
+                new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), Symbol.Companion.getT()));
 
         validator.validate(argumentList);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void dottedArgumentListException_HasCorrectAttributes() {
-        DottedArgumentListException e = new DottedArgumentListException("TEST", NIL);
+        DottedArgumentListException e = new DottedArgumentListException("TEST", Nil.INSTANCE);
 
         assertEquals(ERROR, e.getSeverity());
         assertNotNull(e.getMessage());
@@ -189,36 +188,36 @@ public class ArgumentValidatorTest {
     @Test
     public void excludedFirstArgumentType_DoesNotAffectTrailingArguments() {
         validator.setFirstArgumentExcludedType(Nil.class);
-        validator.validate(new Cons(T, new Cons(NIL, NIL)));
+        validator.validate(new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE)));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void excludedTrailingArgumentType_DoesNotAffectFirstArgument() {
         validator.setTrailingArgumentExcludedType(Nil.class);
-        validator.validate(new Cons(NIL, new Cons(T, NIL)));
+        validator.validate(new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), Nil.INSTANCE)));
     }
 
     @Test(expected = BadArgumentTypeException.class)
     public void excludedFirstArgumentType_ThrowsException() {
         validator.setFirstArgumentExcludedType(Nil.class);
-        validator.validate(new Cons(NIL, new Cons(T, NIL)));
+        validator.validate(new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), Nil.INSTANCE)));
     }
 
     @Test(expected = BadArgumentTypeException.class)
     public void excludedTrailingArgumentType_ThrowsException() {
         validator.setTrailingArgumentExcludedType(Nil.class);
-        validator.validate(new Cons(T, new Cons(NIL, NIL)));
+        validator.validate(new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE)));
     }
 
     @Test(expected = BadArgumentTypeException.class)
     public void excludedArgumentType_ThrowsExceptionOnFirstArgument() {
         validator.setEveryArgumentExcludedType(Nil.class);
-        validator.validate(new Cons(NIL, new Cons(T, NIL)));
+        validator.validate(new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), Nil.INSTANCE)));
     }
 
     @Test(expected = BadArgumentTypeException.class)
     public void excludedArgumentType_ThrowsExceptionOnTrailingArgument() {
         validator.setEveryArgumentExcludedType(Nil.class);
-        validator.validate(new Cons(T, new Cons(NIL, NIL)));
+        validator.validate(new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE)));
     }
 }

src/test/kotlin/function/UserDefinedFunctionTest.java

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ import function.UserDefinedFunction.IllegalKeywordRestPositionException;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.LispNumber;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
 import sexpression.Symbol;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.assertSExpressionsMatch;
 
 public class UserDefinedFunctionTest {
@@ -21,24 +21,27 @@ public class UserDefinedFunctionTest {
     private static final String FUNCTION_NAME = "TEST";
 
     private UserDefinedFunction createNoArgumentFunctionThatReturnsNil() {
-        return new UserDefinedFunction(FUNCTION_NAME, NIL, new Cons(NIL, NIL));
+        return new UserDefinedFunction(FUNCTION_NAME,
+                                       Nil.INSTANCE, new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE));
     }
 
     private UserDefinedFunction createOneArgumentFunctionThatReturnsArgument() {
-        return new UserDefinedFunction(FUNCTION_NAME, new Cons(new Symbol("X"), NIL), new Cons(new Symbol("X"), NIL));
+        return new UserDefinedFunction(FUNCTION_NAME, new Cons(new Symbol("X"), Nil.INSTANCE), new Cons(new Symbol("X"),
+                                                                                                        Nil.INSTANCE));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void nilFunctionCall() {
         UserDefinedFunction function = createNoArgumentFunctionThatReturnsNil();
 
-        assertEquals(NIL, function.call(NIL));
+        assertEquals(Nil.INSTANCE, function.call(Nil.INSTANCE));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void nilFunctionToString() {
         UserDefinedFunction function = createNoArgumentFunctionThatReturnsNil();
-        Cons expected = new Cons(new Symbol(FUNCTION_NAME), new Cons(NIL, new Cons(NIL, NIL)));
+        Cons expected = new Cons(new Symbol(FUNCTION_NAME), new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE,
+                                                                                            Nil.INSTANCE)));
 
         assertSExpressionsMatch(expected, function.getLambdaExpression());
     }
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ public class UserDefinedFunctionTest {
     public void oneArgumentFunction_ReturnsCorrectValue() {
         UserDefinedFunction function = createOneArgumentFunctionThatReturnsArgument();
         SExpression argument = new LispNumber("23");
-        Cons argumentList = new Cons(argument, NIL);
+        Cons argumentList = new Cons(argument, Nil.INSTANCE);
 
         assertSExpressionsMatch(argument, function.call(argumentList));
     }
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ public class UserDefinedFunctionTest {
     public void oneArgumentFunction_ThrowsExceptionWithTooManyArguments() {
         UserDefinedFunction function = createOneArgumentFunctionThatReturnsArgument();
         SExpression argument = new LispNumber("23");
-        Cons argumentList = new Cons(argument, new Cons(argument, NIL));
+        Cons argumentList = new Cons(argument, new Cons(argument, Nil.INSTANCE));
 
         function.call(argumentList);
     }
@@ -65,12 +68,13 @@ public class UserDefinedFunctionTest {
     public void oneArgumentFunction_ThrowsExceptionWithTooFewArguments() {
         UserDefinedFunction function = createOneArgumentFunctionThatReturnsArgument();
 
-        function.call(NIL);
+        function.call(Nil.INSTANCE);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void illegalKeywordRestPositionException_HasCorrectAttributes() {
-        IllegalKeywordRestPositionException e = new IllegalKeywordRestPositionException(FUNCTION_NAME, NIL);
+        IllegalKeywordRestPositionException e = new IllegalKeywordRestPositionException(FUNCTION_NAME,
+                                                                                        Nil.INSTANCE);
 
         assertNotNull(e.getMessage());
         assertTrue(e.getMessage().length() > 0);

src/test/kotlin/function/builtin/BackquoteEvaluatorTest.java

@@ -12,11 +12,10 @@ import sexpression.CommaExpression;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.LispNumber;
 import sexpression.LispString;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import sexpression.SExpression;
 import sexpression.Symbol;
 
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
-import static sexpression.Symbol.T;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.assertIsErrorWithMessage;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.assertSExpressionsMatch;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.makeList;
@@ -29,9 +28,9 @@ public class BackquoteEvaluatorTest {
 
     @Test
     public void evaluateNil() {
-        BackquoteEvaluator evaluator = createBackquoteEvaluator(NIL);
+        BackquoteEvaluator evaluator = createBackquoteEvaluator(Nil.INSTANCE);
 
-        assertSExpressionsMatch(NIL, evaluator.evaluate());
+        assertSExpressionsMatch(Nil.INSTANCE, evaluator.evaluate());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -155,14 +154,17 @@ public class BackquoteEvaluatorTest {
 
     @Test(expected = DottedArgumentListException.class)
     public void evaluateDottedList() {
-        BackquoteEvaluator evaluator = createBackquoteEvaluator(new Cons(T, T));
+        BackquoteEvaluator evaluator =
+                createBackquoteEvaluator(new Cons(Symbol.Companion.getT(), Symbol.Companion.getT()));
 
         evaluator.evaluate();
     }
 
     @Test(expected = DottedArgumentListException.class)
     public void atSignWithDottedList() {
-        SExpression input = makeList(new CommaExpression(new AtSignExpression(makeList(new Symbol("CONS"), T, T))));
+        SExpression input = makeList(new CommaExpression(new AtSignExpression(makeList(new Symbol("CONS"),
+                                                                                       Symbol.Companion.getT(),
+                                                                                       Symbol.Companion.getT()))));
         BackquoteEvaluator evaluator = createBackquoteEvaluator(input);
 
         evaluator.evaluate();

src/test/kotlin/function/builtin/EVALTest.java

@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ import function.builtin.EVAL.UnmatchedAtSignException;
 import function.builtin.EVAL.UnmatchedCommaException;
 import function.builtin.special.RECUR.RecurNotInTailPositionException;
 import org.junit.Test;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import testutil.SymbolAndFunctionCleaner;
 
 import static function.builtin.EVAL.lookupSymbol;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.assertIsErrorWithMessage;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.assertSExpressionsMatch;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.evaluateString;
@@ -100,12 +100,12 @@ public class EVALTest extends SymbolAndFunctionCleaner {
 
     @Test
     public void undefinedFunctionException_HasCorrectAttributes() {
-        assertIsErrorWithMessage(new UndefinedFunctionException(NIL));
+        assertIsErrorWithMessage(new UndefinedFunctionException(Nil.INSTANCE));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void undefinedSymbolException_HasCorrectAttributes() {
-        assertIsErrorWithMessage(new UndefinedSymbolException(NIL));
+        assertIsErrorWithMessage(new UndefinedSymbolException(Nil.INSTANCE));
     }
 
     @Test(expected = UnmatchedCommaException.class)

src/test/kotlin/function/builtin/SYMBOL_FUNCTIONTest.java

@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ import function.ArgumentValidator.TooFewArgumentsException;
 import function.ArgumentValidator.TooManyArgumentsException;
 import function.builtin.SYMBOL_FUNCTION.UndefinedSymbolFunctionException;
 import org.junit.Test;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import testutil.SymbolAndFunctionCleaner;
 
 import static error.Severity.ERROR;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.evaluateString;
 
 public class SYMBOL_FUNCTIONTest extends SymbolAndFunctionCleaner {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public class SYMBOL_FUNCTIONTest extends SymbolAndFunctionCleaner {
 
     @Test
     public void undefinedSymbolFunctionException_HasCorrectAttributes() {
-        UndefinedSymbolFunctionException e = new UndefinedSymbolFunctionException(NIL);
+        UndefinedSymbolFunctionException e = new UndefinedSymbolFunctionException(Nil.INSTANCE);
 
         assertEquals(ERROR, e.getSeverity());
         assertNotNull(e.getMessage());

src/test/kotlin/function/builtin/special/LETTest.java

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ import function.builtin.EVAL.UndefinedSymbolException;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.LispNumber;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import testutil.SymbolAndFunctionCleaner;
 
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.assertSExpressionsMatch;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.evaluateString;
 
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ public class LETTest extends SymbolAndFunctionCleaner {
     public void emptyLet_ReturnsNil() {
         String input = "(let ())";
 
-        assertSExpressionsMatch(NIL, evaluateString(input));
+        assertSExpressionsMatch(Nil.INSTANCE, evaluateString(input));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void letWithSymbolsOnly_SetsValuesToNil() {
         String input = "(let ((x) (y)) (list x y))";
 
-        assertSExpressionsMatch(new Cons(NIL, new Cons(NIL, NIL)), evaluateString(input));
+        assertSExpressionsMatch(new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE)), evaluateString(input));
     }
 
     @Test

src/test/kotlin/function/builtin/special/LET_STARTest.java

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ import function.builtin.EVAL.UndefinedSymbolException;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import sexpression.Cons;
 import sexpression.LispNumber;
+import sexpression.Nil;
 import testutil.SymbolAndFunctionCleaner;
 
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.assertSExpressionsMatch;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.evaluateString;
 
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ public class LET_STARTest extends SymbolAndFunctionCleaner {
     public void emptyLet_ReturnsNil() {
         String input = "(let* ())";
 
-        assertSExpressionsMatch(NIL, evaluateString(input));
+        assertSExpressionsMatch(Nil.INSTANCE, evaluateString(input));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void letStarWithSymbolsOnly_SetsValuesToNil() {
         String input = "(let* ((x) (y)) (list x y))";
 
-        assertSExpressionsMatch(new Cons(NIL, new Cons(NIL, NIL)), evaluateString(input));
+        assertSExpressionsMatch(new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, new Cons(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE)), evaluateString(input));
     }
 
     @Test

src/test/kotlin/function/builtin/special/LambdaTest.kt

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
 import sexpression.Cons
 import sexpression.LispNumber
-import sexpression.LispNumber.ONE
+import sexpression.LispNumber.Companion.ONE
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Nil
 import sexpression.Symbol
-import sexpression.Symbol.T
+import sexpression.Symbol.Companion.T
 import testutil.SymbolAndFunctionCleaner
 import testutil.TestUtilities.assertSExpressionsMatch
 import testutil.TestUtilities.evaluateString
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class LambdaTest : SymbolAndFunctionCleaner() {
 
     @Test
     fun `lambda expression is a lambda expression`() {
-        val lambdaExpression = Cons(Symbol("LAMBDA"), Cons(NIL, Cons(NIL, NIL)))
+        val lambdaExpression = Cons(Symbol("LAMBDA"), Cons(Nil, Cons(Nil, Nil)))
 
         assertThat(isLambdaExpression(lambdaExpression)).isTrue()
     }
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class LambdaTest : SymbolAndFunctionCleaner() {
 
     @Test
     fun `create lambda expression`() {
-        val lambdaExpression = Cons(Symbol("LAMBDA"), Cons(NIL, Cons(NIL, NIL)))
+        val lambdaExpression = Cons(Symbol("LAMBDA"), Cons(Nil, Cons(Nil, Nil)))
 
         assertSExpressionsMatch(parseString("(:LAMBDA () ())"), createFunction(lambdaExpression).lambdaExpression)
     }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class LambdaTest : SymbolAndFunctionCleaner() {
 
     @Test
     fun `create function with dotted argument list`() {
-        val lambdaExpression = Cons(Symbol("LAMBDA"), Cons(NIL, ONE))
+        val lambdaExpression = Cons(Symbol("LAMBDA"), Cons(Nil, ONE))
 
         assertThrows(DottedArgumentListException::class.java) { createFunction(lambdaExpression) }
     }

src/test/kotlin/sexpression/SExpressionTest.java

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import static error.Severity.ERROR;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
-import static sexpression.Nil.NIL;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.assertSExpressionsMatch;
 import static testutil.TestUtilities.makeList;
 
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ public class SExpressionTest {
     public void nil_ToString() {
         String input = "NIL";
 
-        assertSExpressionMatchesString(input, NIL);
+        assertSExpressionMatchesString(input, Nil.INSTANCE);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -83,7 +82,8 @@ public class SExpressionTest {
     @Test
     public void lambdaExpression_ToString() {
         String expected = "(LAMBDA)";
-        LambdaExpression lambda = new LambdaExpression(makeList(new Symbol("lambda")), null);
+        LambdaExpression lambda = new LambdaExpression(makeList(new Symbol("lambda")),
+                                                       new UserDefinedFunction("", Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE));
 
         assertSExpressionMatchesString(expected, lambda);
     }
@@ -91,7 +91,8 @@ public class SExpressionTest {
     @Test
     public void lambdaExpression_GetLambdaExpression() {
         String expected = "(LAMBDA)";
-        LambdaExpression lambda = new LambdaExpression(makeList(new Symbol("lambda")), null);
+        LambdaExpression lambda = new LambdaExpression(makeList(new Symbol("lambda")),
+                                                       new UserDefinedFunction("", Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE));
 
         assertSExpressionMatchesString(expected, lambda.getLambdaExpression());
     }
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ public class SExpressionTest {
     @Test
     public void lambdaExpression_GetFunction() {
         String expected = "(LAMBDA)";
-        UserDefinedFunction function = new UserDefinedFunction(expected, NIL, NIL);
+        UserDefinedFunction function = new UserDefinedFunction(expected, Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE);
         LambdaExpression lambda = new LambdaExpression(makeList(new Symbol("lambda")), function);
 
         assertEquals(function, lambda.getFunction());
@@ -107,28 +108,28 @@ public class SExpressionTest {
 
     @Test
     public void firstOfNilIsNil() {
-        assertEquals(NIL, NIL.getFirst());
+        assertEquals(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE.getFirst());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void restOfNilIsNil() {
-        assertEquals(NIL, NIL.getRest());
+        assertEquals(Nil.INSTANCE, Nil.INSTANCE.getRest());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void afterSettingFirstOfNil_ShouldStillBeNil() {
-        Cons nil = NIL;
+        Cons nil = Nil.INSTANCE;
         nil.setFirst(new LispNumber("2"));
 
-        assertEquals(NIL, nil.getFirst());
+        assertEquals(Nil.INSTANCE, nil.getFirst());
     }
 
     @Test
     public void afterSettingRestOfNil_ShouldStillBeNil() {
-        Cons nil = NIL;
+        Cons nil = Nil.INSTANCE;
         nil.setRest(new LispNumber("2"));
 
-        assertEquals(NIL, nil.getRest());
+        assertEquals(Nil.INSTANCE, nil.getRest());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -159,8 +160,8 @@ public class SExpressionTest {
 
     @Test
     public void lispNumberConstants() {
-        assertEquals(BigInteger.ZERO, LispNumber.ZERO.getValue());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ZERO, LispNumber.Companion.getZERO().getValue());
-        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, LispNumber.ONE.getValue());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, LispNumber.Companion.getONE().getValue());
     }
 
     @Test

src/test/kotlin/table/ExecutionContextTest.kt

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestInstance
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Nil
-import sexpression.Symbol.T
+import sexpression.Symbol.Companion.T
 import table.SymbolTable.NullSymbolTable
 
 @TestInstance(PER_CLASS)
@@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ class ExecutionContextTest {
     fun `lookup a shadowed variable`() {
         val scope = SymbolTable(ExecutionContext.scope)
 
-        scope["shadowed"] = NIL
+        scope["shadowed"] = Nil
         ExecutionContext.scope["shadowed"] = T
         ExecutionContext.scope = scope
 
-        assertThat(ExecutionContext.lookupSymbolValue("shadowed")).isEqualTo(NIL)
+        assertThat(ExecutionContext.lookupSymbolValue("shadowed")).isEqualTo(Nil)
     }
 
     @Test

src/test/kotlin/table/FunctionTableTest.kt

@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS
 import sexpression.Cons
 import sexpression.LispString
 import sexpression.Nil
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Symbol.Companion.T
-import sexpression.Symbol.T
 import table.FunctionTable.LispFunctionInstantiationException
 import table.FunctionTable.defineFunction
 import table.FunctionTable.isAlreadyDefined
@@ -31,11 +30,11 @@ class FunctionTableTest {
 
     @FunctionNames("BAD")
     class BadFunction : LispFunction() {
-        override fun call(argumentList: Cons): Nil = NIL
+        override fun call(argumentList: Cons): Nil = Nil
     }
 
     class UglyFunction : LispFunction() {
-        override fun call(argumentList: Cons): Nil = NIL
+        override fun call(argumentList: Cons): Nil = Nil
     }
 
     private fun createLispFunction() = object : LispFunction() {

src/test/kotlin/table/SymbolTableTest.kt

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestInstance
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Nil
-import sexpression.Symbol.T
+import sexpression.Symbol.Companion.T
 
 @TestInstance(PER_CLASS)
 class SymbolTableTest {
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ class SymbolTableTest {
     @Test
     fun `redefine the value of a symbol`() {
         symbolTable["symbol"] = T
-        symbolTable["symbol"] = NIL
+        symbolTable["symbol"] = Nil
 
-        assertThat(symbolTable["symbol"]).isEqualTo(NIL)
+        assertThat(symbolTable["symbol"]).isEqualTo(Nil)
     }
 
     @Test

src/test/kotlin/testutil/TestUtilities.kt

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import function.builtin.EVAL.eval
 import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat
 import parser.LispParser
 import sexpression.Cons
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Nil
 import sexpression.SExpression
 import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream
 import java.io.IOException
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ object TestUtilities {
     @JvmStatic()
     fun makeList(vararg expressionList: SExpression): Cons {
         if (expressionList.isEmpty())
-            return NIL
+            return Nil
 
         val rest = makeList(*Arrays.copyOfRange(expressionList, 1, expressionList.size))
 

src/test/kotlin/testutil/TypeAssertions.kt

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 package testutil
 
 import org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat
-import sexpression.Nil.NIL
+import sexpression.Nil
 import sexpression.SExpression
-import sexpression.Symbol.T
+import sexpression.Symbol.Companion.T
 
 object TypeAssertions {
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ object TypeAssertions {
 
     @JvmStatic()
     fun assertNil(sExpression: SExpression) {
-        assertThat(sExpression).isEqualTo(NIL)
+        assertThat(sExpression).isEqualTo(Nil)
 
         assertThat(sExpression.isAtom).isTrue()
         assertThat(sExpression.isCons).isFalse()